"Algorithms and Discrete Applied Mathematics" is a comprehensive collection of scholarly contributions that emerged from the peer-reviewed proceedings of the second International Conference on this topic, CALDAM 2016. This conference took place in February 2016 in Thiruvananthapuram, India, and attracted numerous submissions. The volume includes 30 fully revised articles selected from a total of 90 submissions, as well as an invited talk. The topics addressed focus on efficient algorithms and data structures, their theoretical and experimental analysis, and the mathematical problems that arise from them. Additionally, new applications of discrete mathematics, advancements in existing applications, and the development of new tools for discrete mathematics are discussed.