The book "Application of Carbon Nanostructure Materials in Microbial Fuel Cell" by Mostafa Ghasemi discusses the use of carbon nanostructure materials in microbial fuel cells. It explores how these materials can be utilized as cathode electrodes and as novel nanocomposite proton exchange membranes. A central theme is the high cost burden associated with platinum, which is the most commonly used cathode catalyst and accounts for about 50% of the total capital expenditures. The book offers innovative alternatives such as activated carbon nanofibers and their combination with Nafion to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of microbial fuel cells. Additionally, it analyzes the performance of these new catalysts and membranes in comparison to traditional systems. Finally, it presents suggestions for future research to advance the commercialization of microbial fuel cells and enable their large-scale application.