The book "Provenance and Annotation of Data and Processes" is a collection of revised and selected contributions from the 4th International Provenance and Annotation Workshop (IPAW 2012), which took place in June 2012 in Santa Barbara, California. It includes 14 full papers, 4 demo papers, and 12 poster contributions, carefully selected from a total of 49 submissions. The contributions are divided into thematic sections that address various aspects of provenance and annotation of data and processes, including document databases, web technologies, reconstruction, scientific applications, and demonstrations. This professional book is aimed at professionals and researchers in the fields of technology and IT who wish to engage with the challenges and solutions in data provenance and annotation.