This Teubner pocketbook provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and important applications of statistical physics from a modern perspective. It includes chapters on combinatorics and probability theory, including the theory of stochastic processes as mathematical foundations, quantum mechanics as a physical basis, thermodynamics, information theory, fractal theory, chaos theory, and chemical and biological systems. Special emphasis is placed on a thorough presentation of the concepts of statistical physics, the correct derivation of fundamental equations, and the execution of important proofs. The book is suitable as a companion text for course and special lectures, as a review guide for exam preparation, and as a reference work for quick information for a wide readership from mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering disciplines, particularly for students in these fields.