This academic book examines the role of the oil sector in the public finances of Arab countries, particularly using Algeria as a case study. It analyzes the impact of oil resources on the economies of these states and sheds light on the theoretical foundations of the phenomenon. The study demonstrates that reliance on oil revenues leads to negative economic effects, such as inflation and chronic trade balance deficits. Additionally, it addresses the excessive public spending policy, both in current and investment areas. The book provides a well-founded scientific analysis and discusses the long-term consequences of this dependency, especially regarding the neglect of other sectors such as agriculture and industry, which also contribute to gross value added.