Yes, no problem.

Wow, I've always been rubbish at electricity... In my opinion (= to be verified), the cable has no influence here. What matters is the socket you plug it into. Flat iPhone socket, square iPad socket, big MacBook puck, sockets of other models/brands? You need to look at the Watts they deliver (it's written on them) and check that this power is OK with the iPhone.

I also have the impression (to be verified) that recent devices know how to manage power, they don't 'burn out' by receiving more than they should...

I plug any Apple cable into any Apple socket, and I've never had a problem. What you risk by plugging your MacBook into a flat iPhone socket, for example, is seeing it charge very slowly.