Abu Ubaid Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz ibn Muhammad al-Bakri was a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. He spent his entire life in Spain, lived in Córdoba, and never traveled to the places he wrote about. He wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. His main works were Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-Mamalik (1068; Book of Kingdoms and Roads) and Mujjam. The first was based on literature and reports from merchants and travelers such as Yusuf al-Warraq and Abraham ben Jacob. His works are known for their objectivity.