Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a widely recognized diagnosis today, often attributed to almost all childhood difficulties in preschool and elementary school age. Explanations range from brain metabolism disorders, early neglect, psychological or psychosocial regulation disorders, to giftedness. Recommendations for prevention and therapy vary widely. Some advocate for an understanding approach to each child and their life situation, while others see medication as the solution to the problem. This perspective has gained significant traction over the past ten years. The authors of this volume address and discuss the looming medicalization of social problems. They engage with current controversies and advocate for careful diagnostics.