The book "Algebraic and Algorithmic Aspects of Differential and Integral Operators" documents the proceedings of the 5th International Meeting on algebraic and algorithmic aspects of differential and integral operators, which took place in 2012 in Sofia, Bulgaria. It includes a carefully selected collection of nine contributions, comprising two invited papers and seven regular papers, chosen from a total of 13 submissions. The topics covered range from symbolic computation for operator algebras to the factorization of differential and integral operators, as well as linear boundary problems and the associated Green operators. Additional focuses include initial value problems for differential equations, symbolic integration, differential Galois theory, as well as algorithmic D-module theory and Rota-Baxter algebra. This specialized book is aimed at professionals and students interested in the mathematical and algorithmic foundations of these topics.