Language usage has changed, but discrimination continues. This impression is gained by those who follow the politics and media coverage in European countries regarding Roma, the minority that has long been stigmatized as gypsies. The harmful combination of structural discrimination and cultural stigmatization is a variant of racism. In research, the term anti-Roma sentiment has been established for this. When did European anti-Roma sentiment arise, how did it develop, and why does it persist so stubbornly in the present? This anthology presents the latest research findings. Its central insights are: The cultural-historical roots of modern anti-Roma sentiment can be traced back to the early modern period. Research in Russian archives from the time of Nazi occupation shows that Ro.