The contemplation of music has been closely linked to mathematics since ancient times. In its interdisciplinary exploration of the shared history of these two disciplines, the book does not limit itself to Pythagoras and the Platonic tradition, but equally incorporates Aristoxenus and the Aristotelian tradition into its discussion. This exploration, which also aims to provide a comprehensive historical overview, begins in antiquity and concludes in the Baroque period with Werckmeister's thoughts on tuning and temperament. Several important historical works of music theory are critically examined, particularly from a computational perspective. As a result, not only music theory but sometimes also the history of mathematics appears in an unusual light.