Arthur Schopenhauer, born in Danzig in 1788, earned his doctorate at the University of Jena in 1813 and published his major work "The World as Will and Representation" in 1819. In 1833, he settled in Frankfurt am Main, where he lived as a private scholar until his death in 1860, writing his works, including the small philosophical writings "Parerga and Paralipomena" with the "Aphorisms on Wisdom in Life." In his surviving manuscripts, which Schopenhauer referred to as "thought books," he primarily noted philosophical reflections that served as preliminary work for his writings. The "philosophical diary" COGITATA (from cogitatum, cogitatus, meaning thought, the thought, thinking), which he kept from 1830 to 1833, contains not only thoughts but also excerpts, summaries, references from various works, drafts for prefaces, and occasionally biting comments.