The authors first explain the microbiological and chemical-physical fundamentals and discuss in detail the degradation potential for various pollutants. Subsequently, the remediation of contaminated sites is demonstrated step by step using case studies. In this context, questions regarding risk assessment and threshold value issues, emissions and occupational safety, as well as necessary excavation measures, treatment durations, and approval procedures are addressed. Additionally, economic comparisons of competing methods in the field of soil and groundwater remediation (cost-benefit analyses) are given considerable attention.