Zionism and the Holocaust are epochal turning points in both Jewish history and Jewish thought. Zionism broke with exiled Judaism, abandoned the old typological historical concepts, and set aside the rabbinic-messianic concept of redemption. The genocide of European Jews led to a far-reaching debate about the conclusions to be drawn from this catastrophe and raised questions of politics, theology, philosophy, Jewish identity, and the future of the Jewish people. Although the two events are not causally connected, they have increasingly been viewed together in thought: the founding of the State of Israel (1948) as the last psychological, religious, and physical lifeline for the continued existence of Judaism after the Holocaust.