The volume contains contributions from a previously unique dialogue between neuroscience and biology on one side, and theology and the church on the other. While the last 20 years have seen a paradigm shift due to neurobiological research, which is associated with the depathologization of transsexuality, a systematic reflection on transsexuality in the context of theology and the church remains a desideratum. This is where the contributions of the anthology come in: existing research findings from the perspectives of the involved disciplines are documented, controversial viewpoints are brought into conversation, and perspectives for an ethical, political, and legal approach to transsexuality as a paradigmatic challenge to societal acceptance of gender diversity are opened up.