Ernst Fraenkel's 'Dual State' is a standard work on politics, justice, and law in National Socialism. Fraenkel's thesis is that two forms of rule coexist within National Socialism: In the "Norm State," existing legal provisions continue to apply to the extent necessary for the functionality of the still-existing capitalist economic system. In the "Measures State," decisions are made not according to legal rules but based on criteria of political expediency, in order to secure the regime's power and enforce its specific goals—such as the persecution of Jews. In cases of doubt, the Measures State decides based on its interests whether a matter will be handled according to the rules of the Norm State or according to the needs of the Measures State. Since the mid-1970s, the book has received attention in academic literature.