Unconscious processes shape the majority of our feelings and thoughts, influencing our relationships, decisions, and destinies. The authors demonstrate that neurobiological methods open new perspectives for psychoanalysis and how psychoanalytic concepts and models can be substantiated with the help of neurobiology. The focus is on the work of Nobel laureate Eric Kandel, who, along with neuroscientist Gerhard Roth, has explored the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious from a neurobiological perspective. The authors discuss Kandel's and Roth's research from the viewpoints of music, psychoanalysis, psychiatry, and neuroscience. In doing so, they provide insights for further interdisciplinary dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience, illustrating how both disciplines can mutually benefit from each other.