The French structuralism of the 20th century was not only concerned with the formalization of the world and reality but also analyzed their treatment in the literary realism of the 19th century: here, reality appears as the effect of a specific fabrication. This judgment by Roland Barthes implies a contrast between structure and empiricism. Realism neglects structure and instead incorporates the contingent into its representation. This definition of realism has been critically discussed many times since then. The relationship between structure and realism has remained oddly unobserved. Therefore, this volume aims to invoke different forms of structuralism (Marxism, mathematics, ethnology, neostructuralism, natural sciences) and to relate them to structural writing styles in literature.