In December 1751, the oculist Josef Hillmer was expelled from Russia for charlatanry. Friedrich II had appointed him as a professor at the Collegium Medico-chirurgicum in Berlin in 1748. The director of the highest medical authority in Russia, Hermann Kaau Boerhaave, had to defend himself against accusations from circles at the Petersburg court regarding Hillmer's expulsion. Hillmer had been protected by the Russian heir to the throne, the future Tsar Peter III. Kaau Boerhaave had all medical documents about Hillmer printed in book form in Russia, totaling 178 pages. This is the first book featuring Russian ophthalmological terminology. It was published five years before the first Russian medical textbook and 47 years before the first Russian book on ophthalmology. The Hillmer affair has both medical and secret diplomatic aspects in the lead-up to the Seven Years' War.