In the history of culture, and thus also of medicine, in the Middle Ages, we first encounter the Arabs. They were the first to absorb and process Hellenistic knowledge and later passed it on to the peoples of the West. The achievements of the Arabs are assessed in various ways, increasingly with growing recognition; however, our knowledge of them is still quite superficial. The history of Arabic literature, whether general or specifically medical, still mainly operates in the fields of biography and bibliography to this day. The vast manuscript material of Arabic works on medicine remains dusty in libraries. We do not even know whether and to what extent the publication of these works would be worthwhile. Only a few writings by al-Razi on smallpox, by the same author on bladder stones, the Canon of Ibn Sina, and surgery are known.