The author traces the evolution of air warfare and the development of the German Air Force into a distinct branch of the military. He demonstrates that the war in the air—contrary to popular belief—did not arise from the general technological advancement of warfare and surprised the military after the outbreak of the conflict, but was the result of targeted preparation. The leadership level, equipment, and personnel are examined in relation to the conditions they faced and compared with the situation in enemy states. The specialization and structuring of the individual air force components, their command structures, and their respective areas of activity are scrutinized, as well as the political, economic, technical, military, and personnel frameworks. The particularly significant influence of the difficult situation is made clear.