The centuries-old conflict between Jews and Christians is almost always presented in its European context. This study addresses the previously overlooked Jewish-Christian confrontation in the Islamic world: unlike in Europe, where Christians exercised political dominance over Jews, Jews and Christians were legally equal in the Islamic East. What impact did these different external conditions have on the relationships between Jews and Christians? What influence did early Islamic society, with its numerous religious communities, churches, sects, and groups, have on the Jewish-Christian confrontation? The work provides an overview of the Jewish and Christian polemical texts that emerged between the 7th and 10th centuries in the Islamic realm. It examines the arguments, motivations, and cultural context of Jewish-Christian polemics in the early Islamic East based on the most important printed sources.