Although I have often noticed in recent years that cases we previously referred to as melancholy can be attributed to manic-depressive insanity, I was surprised to learn from the research that in almost all cases that could be examined more closely, the previously diagnosed melancholy had taken a turn towards recovery or at least seemed to be heading in that direction. However, the durations that the illness took were often extraordinarily long. From these experiences, it follows that at least for the majority of those patients we have labeled as melancholic, there is no longer a compelling reason to separate them from manic-depressive insanity, especially since various intermediate stages between multiple and single episodes are evident.