This volume provides the long-awaited comprehensive account of the politically motivated resistance and persecution of communists, social democrats, and members of the Bavarian People's Party during the Nazi era in the right bank of Bavaria. Key focuses include the dismantling and dissolution of the parties and groups of the labor movement, the persecution of their members and supporters, as well as the forms of resistance against the Nazi regime from this milieu. This is complemented by an exploration of the possibilities and variations of resistance and refusal within the realm of political Catholicism. Beyond the reconstruction of conspiratorial connections and the depiction of illegal propaganda actions and acts of resistance, the four studies trace the diverse manifestations of oppositional behavior among former party members and supporters.