Around 1900, there is a growing fascination in European intellectual history with the contrast between myth and monotheism, between many gods and one God. In the reflection of this ancient topos, fundamental questions of modernity are addressed: the relationship between immanence and transcendence, heteronomy and freedom, tolerance and dogma. Matthias Löwe's study reconstructs the modern discourse on myth and monotheism and its aesthetic potential, which is particularly unleashed in the early 20th century, in the works of Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arnold Schönberg, and Thomas Mann. These intellectuals do not pursue historical interests in religion through the aestheticization of myth and monotheism. Rather, they grapple with the interpretation of modernity in the guise of literarized myths or biblical stories.