For over 30 years, the relationship between ADHD and nutrition has been a topic of controversial discussion. What is clear is that nutrients can specifically influence brain function and performance - and thus also behavior. Various diets are presented and evaluated here. The extended oligoantigenic diet has proven effective in several clinical studies. Colorings and preservatives have led to ADHD symptoms in many children in clinical studies. However, investigations into nutrient status and supplementation have only partially proven insightful so far. Many authors suspect that individuals with ADHD have increased needs for certain nutrients due to genetic predispositions or a greater susceptibility to nutrient deficiencies caused by environmental factors. An important goal for future research approaches is to identify specific and individualized nutritional risk factors.