Metabolic disorders in children and adolescents have recently gained significant attention. For a long time, a connection has been known in adults between the occurrence of heart and vascular diseases and risk factors such as smoking, low physical activity, and especially significantly elevated cholesterol levels in the serum. Such very high cholesterol levels often stem from congenital peculiarities of lipid metabolism, which can be effective from childhood and may lead to increased fat deposition in blood vessels from the early years of life. Therefore, in Germany, cholesterol testing is also offered as part of preventive examinations for children and adolescents, allowing congenital lipid metabolism disorders to be identified and treated at an early age, thereby effectively reducing the risk of vascular diseases later in life.