The interdisciplinary work demonstrates for the first time that prehistoric humans, since the Magdalenian period (16,000-10,000 BC), possessed a deep and extensive knowledge of astronomy, as well as related fields, which had previously been unrecognized. Investigations of a multi-layered rock painting in the Lascaux cave (France) reveal that people at that time depicted an image of their cosmos on the cave wall. In this depiction, they symbolically expressed their knowledge of the things between heaven and earth. The complex representation is being studied from an interdisciplinary perspective. A new integral method consolidates findings from archaeology, astronomy, ethnology, cartography, mythology, photogrammetry, religious studies, semiotics, and symbolism. The remarkable insights of this meticulously researched book compel a reevaluation of the prehistory of the sciences and their connection to human life.