"Establishing Medical Reality" is a scholarly book that addresses the philosophical questions arising in the context of biomedical sciences. Over the past three decades, medicine has generated numerous significant topics for philosophy, often focusing on normative issues that fall within the realm of bioethics. In contrast, this book highlights the less frequently discussed philosophical aspects, particularly in the areas of metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of science. It argues that contemporary philosophy, which is heavily influenced by naturalism, is shaped by the findings of the natural sciences while also contributing to them. The challenges and questions that arise from scientific practice are central to understanding the philosophy of medicine and its development as an independent discipline. The editors, Harold Kincaid and Jennifer McKitrick, provide a thorough analysis and discussion of these topics in this work.