Inflammatory processes are at the core of many health issues. Their resolution largely lies in proper nutrition. Nutritional medicine and orthomolecular approaches have often overlooked a significant group of substances: secondary plant compounds. In light of ever-new research findings, they are now also referred to as the vitamins of the 21st century. This is due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, and especially anti-inflammatory effects. This book presents various secondary plant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and carotenoids in terms of their medical effects. The focus is on the potential uses of specific fruits and vegetables.