Evolutionary anthropology today refers to an integrative field of research that examines the diversity and history of humanity from an evolutionary theoretical perspective. At its core is the reconstruction of evolution and phylogenesis based on fossil and archaeological evidence, as well as on the basis of genetically comparative studies, including ancient DNA. Related disciplines include paleoanthropology and archaeology, evolutionary genetics, biological and cultural anthropology, behavioral ecology, primatology, linguistics, as well as psychology and cognitive sciences. This introduction by Marianne Sommer describes the development of the research field from a cultural-historical perspective and explores its societal relevance.