Blacksmithing is an ancient craft in which metals—first copper, then bronze and iron, as well as various precious metals—are shaped through hammering, pressing, or twisting. In addition to the primary shaping of utilitarian goods, artistic craftsmanship quickly emerged in the religious sphere. Accordingly, the Greek god of blacksmithing, Hephaestus, forges the necklace of the goddess Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. The blacksmithing of antiquity is primarily known from written sources and visual representations. Finds of weapons complete the picture. The forged horseshoe only came into use in the 9th century. From the 11th and 12th centuries, fittings, grilles, fire dogs, and candlesticks originated. Since the 14th century, especially in Florence, torch holders and lanterns were crafted. In the 16th century, Germany was a leader in blacksmithing.