The book "Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials" provides a comprehensive introduction to the basics of powder diffraction and its application in the structural characterization of materials. The revised second edition has been updated to reflect the latest developments in technology and is designed as both a textbook for students and a reference work for professionals. The structure of the book has been optimized by dividing the original seven long chapters into 25 shorter chapters, allowing for better management within a typical semester. The first fifteen chapters focus on the fundamental principles of powder diffraction, while the last ten chapters offer practical examples for structure determination and refinement, including an extended example on the crystal structure of Tylenol.