This systematic review provides an overview of national and international assessment practices and offers a comprehensive and exclusive information base. Commissioned by the BMBF, the authors have created a synopsis of the current state of national and international research on the assessment of competencies or learning outcomes of students and graduates in collaboration with international partners. The volume offers a thorough overview of relevant work from the past decade worldwide, as well as current developments in this research field. At the same time, the overview paper includes an integration of research findings with regard to the validity of the referenced studies, as well as current research practices and the resulting research desiderata.