The goal of explaining human thinking and social interaction within the framework of scientific theories has been set by contributors from various disciplines (psychology, primatology, neurology, and philosophy). The subject of the current naturalization debate is the question of to what extent scientific theories, such as evolutionary psychology, meme theory, sociobiology, cognitive sciences, artificial life research, and brain research can provide explanations for human thought and behavior. An introduction presents the general questions and provides an overview of the current naturalization debate. This volume offers an overview of one of the central debates between natural science and philosophy. The volume is based on a lecture series organized by the research college "Knowledge Culture and Social Change.".