Upper Germania was long caught in the tension of Roman politics. Although the Roman army had already reached the Elbe around the turn of the era and Emperor Augustus had established the Gallic provinces, the area on both sides of the Rhine was only transformed into a Roman province in the late 1st century. This province, Germania Superior, is characterized by significant contrasts even under Roman rule, as the Celtic and Germanic populations continued many of their own traditions or adapted them under Roman influence in various areas. This applies not only to social structures but also to economic developments, religion, and even military influence. Taking into account the latest research findings, this volume presents the fascinating history of a province from the turn of the era to the early 4th century.