Prometheus is one of the most contradictory figures in Greek mythology and is deeply embedded in our cultural memory like few others. Sometimes vilified as a blasphemer, sometimes celebrated as a savior, the fire-bringing demigod has remained alive through the ages and still stands for knowledge and innovation today. In the arts, the legend of Prometheus, with its three main motifs of human education, the theft of fire, and torment, has evoked a wide range of interpretations, even contradictory ones, over the centuries. With the Enlightenment, he became a myth of modern humanity, embodying the contradictions of the 19th century—whether as a driving force behind technological advancement and industrialization, as a source of identity for the emancipating educated bourgeoisie, or as a symbol of self-liberation during a time of political upheaval. In the 20th century, the figure increasingly found itself caught between ideological fronts and became further detached from traditional patterns of action. This iconological study demonstrates, through a broad spectrum ranging from architectural sculpture to salon painting to applied graphics, how Prometheus became a central figure of projection for modern artists over the last two centuries, allowing them to reflect significant societal changes and the evolution of the concept of art itself.