The external trade policy after 1814 was essentially a policy of trade agreements. Even in the preceding period, trade agreements played an important role in the city's foreign relations, but aside from the treaties with France, there were only attempts and efforts. The foundation of Hamburg's foreign trade relations still consisted of the old privileges and letters of protection or the customs based on them. The pursuit of maintaining these privileges and making them beneficial for Hamburg's trade abroad constituted a significant part of Hamburg's outward-oriented policy. In the 19th century, the classical era of trade agreements, Hamburg entered the international trade system created by them. This book about the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce from 1665 to 1915 is a.