The book "Health Information Science" is a collection of peer-reviewed contributions from the 4th International Conference on Health Information Science, held in 2014 in Melbourne, Australia. It includes 20 full papers and 5 short contributions, carefully selected from a variety of submissions. The topics covered range from medical and biomedical information resources to the management of patient data, as well as software and tools used for the collection, storage, processing, and analysis of information in the health sector. Additionally, aspects such as data management, data analysis, and knowledge discovery are addressed, which are crucial for public health management. The book also provides insights into the role of computer visualization and artificial intelligence in computer-assisted diagnostics, as well as the development of new architectures and applications for health systems.