The volume offers a historical overview of the tumultuous history between the establishment of a center of rabbinical scholarship and the ghettoization and murder of the Jews of Vilna by Nazi Germany. Another focus is on the mutual influences of Eastern and Western Jews between Vilna and Berlin. During the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskala), it was the so-called "Berliners," the Maskilim, who sought to inspire the Jews of Vilna with the Haskala. The Vilna publishing industry, which translated literature from Berlin into Yiddish, brought these texts closer to the Vilna readership. Conversely, both rabbinical scholarship and influences of Kabbalah, as well as modern political movements, emanated from Vilna to Berlin. Authors from Lithuania and Germany present their research projects and discuss questions that have hardly been addressed so far.