Sociological and historical studies on antisemitism typically focus on the antisemitic enemy image. However, antisemitic enemy images do not exist in isolation; they are related to collective self-images. The historical sociology of knowledge regarding modern antisemitism adopts an innovative approach by historically analyzing antisemitism in relation to a collective self-image. It reconstructs the development of antisemitism from the late 18th to the late 19th century as a process of its nationalization. The driving forces behind this process, at the level of knowledge, are changes in the social organization of modern society. The study has significant implications for the differentiations that have emerged in antisemitism research, and thus for the understanding of the history and development of modern antisemitism.