The topic of giftedness encompasses a complex and extensive field. The optimal support for a gifted child requires careful consideration of various aspects, ranging from the reliable identification of giftedness to specific support measures. Only with a solid background knowledge can gifted students be optimally supported. This book addresses not only the historical development but also the recognition and identification of giftedness. A significant part of the discussion presents the most important concepts and theories. This is complemented by various support options for the gifted within regular school life or in special classes and schools for the gifted. A particular focus of this book is on mathematical giftedness and its implications.