What competencies do people need today to successfully manage or, better yet, prevent diseases and to maintain and promote their health? In light of an increasingly complex healthcare system, this question is being discussed internationally and, more recently, in the German-speaking world under the terms "Health Literacy" or "Health Competence." This programmatic book presents and analyzes the current state of the international discussion. For the first time, it also consolidates results from recent research projects in Germany and Austria, outlining and discussing the necessary interventions and approaches to promote Health Literacy in various fields.