Gifted children are known to grasp content more quickly than their peers and often exhibit different and deeper interests and learning needs. Based on the learning and motivational characteristics of gifted students, the aim is to raise awareness of individual talents, personalized education, and support both at home and in school. The author takes a new approach by focusing on subject-related and activity-related motives (curiosity, thirst for knowledge, pursuit of understanding), which is different from the traditional focus in gifted research. The possibilities for diagnostics and counseling, as well as the support for highly gifted problem children (underachievers), are comprehensively discussed with examples. The author provides checklists and questionnaires and explains through case studies from his own counseling practice how talent development and support for the gifted can be achieved.