The subject and aim of cognitive science is a comprehensive transdisciplinary investigation of cognitive abilities that enable natural and artificial systems, such as humans, other animals, or robots, to solve various types of problems as efficiently as possible. Cognitive science is an integrative research program that fruitfully combines the central methods, questions, and models of a range of traditionally involved individual disciplines in the study of mental performance into a holistic explanatory approach. Therefore, the spectrum of cognitive science research ranges from more engineering-oriented disciplines like robotics to more application-oriented research in areas such as human-machine interaction or clinical neuroscience, and extends to mathematically and scientifically grounded fields like neuroinformatics.