The previously represented concepts of criminal liability face the methodological dilemma that the "naturalistic" designs are characterized by a lack of legal justification, while the "normativist" approaches are marked by a lack of conceptual criteria. Volker Haas's thesis is that this methodological dilemma can only be overcome by abandoning the broad equivalence theory and establishing a narrow concept of causation that is fundamentally justified by its normative function to define the scope of subjective rights such as body, life, or property. Volker Haas demonstrates that the doctrine of legal goods in criminal law and its corresponding norm theory do not adequately address thinking in subjective legal positions. He develops the concept of causation that he considers essential through an example.