The main objective of the publication is to present empirical results regarding the political orientations and the development of these orientations in the first grade of elementary school. It first demonstrates how children understand politics and how this understanding can be made accessible for empirical political research. The main theme of the volume focuses on describing the political orientations of young children based on the two waves of the children's survey from the research project 'Living Democracy Learning' (approximately 800 children). The analyses are concentrated on three main areas (topics, knowledge, values). The differences revealed in the level and persistence of political orientations are also examined in relation to several important influencing factors such as gender, age, nationality, etc.