Immediately next to the small town of Ebensee in the idyllic Salzkammergut, the SS established an external camp of the Mauthausen concentration camp in November 1943. The forced labor of the inmates was intended to create vast underground tunnels for the rocket research facility in Peenemünde. By the time of liberation on May 6, 1945, over 8,000 inmates had died due to the inhumane working and living conditions. In the memories of the surviving inmates, the Ebensee camp is regarded as one of the worst. Completely overcrowded due to evacuation transports, it became a hunger camp. Ebensee exemplifies the broader context in which the establishment of such SS labor camps occurred. This brochure was first published in 1990 and has been revised, updated, and supplemented for this edition.