Synthetic biology is regarded as a promising future technology science. It aims to implement engineering principles in biology. With the vision of comprehensive predictability and general constructability, it distinguishes itself from merely manipulative genetic engineering. It remains uncertain whether this vision can be realized. The potential consequences for society, humanity, and nature are also currently unclear. However, this early stage opens up options to influence its development in order to seize opportunities and minimize risks. This book provides an overview of the defining visions, models, and methods that are grouped under the umbrella of synthetic biology. This allows for the early analysis and critical evaluation of the emerging possibilities. The associated opportunities and risks are examined in four case studies.