A characteristic feature of the music video is its references to existing works. Using Madonna's music videos as an example, Matthias Weiss provides insight into the use of allusions and quotes, as well as the artistic strategies that lie behind them. Madonna's music videos are not only commercially successful but also offer rich material in terms of concept. The study demonstrates the diversity of these references, how intricately they are woven into the respective fabric of music, image, and intoned text, and what potential meanings they contain. They reveal a nuanced interplay of appropriation and manipulation, leading to shifts or even reversals of meaning. For instance, the female figure identifiable as Lilith in Madonna's video "Frozen" embodies this resistance.